Koy Sanjaq (KS): The words of your own Jews out of Koy Sanjaq, citizen once the regarding the 1951 in Israel

Suggestions is inspired by Robert Hoberman (personal communications). This is apparently generally user of one’s Jewish dialects of a great many other cities on the part as well, together with Aqra and you may Rawanduz.

However, in this dialect there was a very strange alter from h so you can h on the 3rd individual only one possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’

Azerbaijan (Azer): The words of the Jews from Iranian Azerbaijan, along with teams inside the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and Yuksekova. Data is out of Garbell (1965).

Halabja (Hala): The language of Jews off Halabja on the Iran-Iraq border. This is extremely close to the Jewish dialects of other metropolises of the part, and Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and you will Panjwin. Recommendations is inspired by my notes.

We will examine these types of languages for twenty-five phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and you may lexical conditions. Pursuing the Hetzron (1976, 98), you will find picked merely designs since standards for category. I have picked good disproportionate level of morphological conditions, and then we shall let them have unique weight, once more following Hetzron, but other shared designs might possibly be thought to be well.

Mention along with the more challenging preservation and even installation regarding from inside the Koy Sanjaq reported by the Hoberman (1985)

As we compare brand new dialects from NENA we’re going to you will need to influence the newest the quantity that the latest dialects express a distinct development and this differs from Turoyo and you can Mandaic. Meanwhile, we are going to see packages of isoglosses within this NENA.

(1) Be concerned tends to be penultimate throughout the latest NA languages, as well as Turoyo and you will Mandaic although not regarding around three easternmost Jewish dialects, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and Halabja, which often be concerned the very last syllable. This type of languages have a look, similar to this, such as a lot more (Garbell 1965), to demonstrate an unusually strong dictate away from Kurdish.

(2) Most of the NENA dialects enjoys merged h and x. During the Hertevin the result is h, and you may almost everywhere otherwise it is x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and you can dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]an effective ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and you will +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55).(4)

Each other Turoyo and you will Mandaic preserve independent h and x. Certain NENA languages features reintroduced h because a credit away from Kurdish or Arabic or out-of Classical Syriac otherwise Hebrew.(5) Yet not, the brand new passed on language constantly reveals x. Such as for instance, when you look at the Tisqopa you’ll find borrowed Arabic words, eg sahabi ‘friend’, that have h, matchocean however, passed down terms and conditions such laxma ‘bread’ constantly inform you x. (6)

(3) All the NENA languages except Hertevin and Zakho have forfeit really circumstances from passed down. Including, inside Aradhin we find arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ add up to Syriac arb a and you may afra. Inside the Hertevin along with Zakho, inherited are daily ?: Hertevin so?good ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?los angeles ‘she heard’ (Meehan and you may Alon 1979, 189). In a lot of almost every other languages some are maintained because ?, and you will, in the other individuals, is finished completely. Specific languages features reintroduced borrowed off Arabic otherwise Kurdish. Particularly, Halabja possess ayza ‘good’.

(4) For the earlier dialects out-of Aramaic, as with Tiberian Hebrew, t turned [Theta] immediately following a vowel. That it alternation might have been lexicalized inside the NENA, which have both t or [Theta] spreading due to whole paradigms, whether preceded from the a good vowel or otherwise not. Such as for example, in the Aradhin the fresh new verb ‘come’ now has [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, and [Theta]e:la ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). Further, in a few languages the new phoneme [Theta] provides been through most alter. In a few dialects [Theta] keeps merged returning to t, as well as in others it is s if you don’t l.(7) In one dialect, Jilu, it’s become h and become removed except in the start of a phrase. The three easternmost Jewish languages display the newest surprising move regarding [Theta] to at least one. The results of them transform is visible on the keyword ‘house’ and this seems in different languages since the become:[Theta beneficial]a beneficial (Tkhuma), biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and you may besa (Sanandaj Religious).